Oracle使用若干技术

发表于:2007-05-25来源:作者:点击数: 标签:oracle我的怎么样若干使用
怎么样让我的用户名和密码不泄漏? ===================== 在 unix 下,我用sqlplus sys/sys登陆,别的用户很容易就能看到我的密码:怎么办? $ ps -ef|grep sqlplus oracle 3787 3781 1 22:05:34 pts/3 0:00 sqlplus sys/sys oracle 3789 3772 0 22:05:44 p

  怎么样让我的用户名和密码不泄漏? 
  =====================
  在unix下,我用sqlplus sys/sys登陆,别的用户很容易就能看到我的密码:怎么办? 
   
  $ ps -ef|grep sqlplus 
  oracle 3787 3781 1 22:05:34 pts/3 0:00 sqlplus sys/sys 
  oracle 3789 3772 0 22:05:44 pts/2 0:00 grep sqlplus 
  采用sqlplus /nolog 
   
  sql>connect sys/sys,这样别的用户就看不到你的密码啦。 
   
  怎样生成建表的完整的DDL语句? 
  ====================
  用exp ,再Imp,show=y可以看到。 
   
  或者使用某些Oracle 的小工具,比如quest的toad和sql*navigator. 
   
  truncate table和delete table有些什么区别? 
  ================
  truncate: DDL ,no rollback possibility and no rollback segment usage, quick ,release space used by the table except the original one. 
   
  delete: dml, can rollback, use rollback space, not release space, slow, delete large table may cause ora-1555 error. 
   
  如何删除重复的记录: 
  =============
  第一个办法: 1。生成建表的完整DDL语句,并且生成tab_bak的表名。 
   
  2。insert into tab_bak select distinct * from tab_name; 
   
  3。drop table tab_name, rename tab_bak to tab_name; 
   
  第二个办法: 
   
  DELETE FROM table_name A WHERE ROWID > 
  ( SELECT min(rowid) FROM table_name B 
   
  WHERE A.key_values = B.key_values); 
   
  第三个办法: 
   
  Delete from my_table where rowid not in 
  ( SQL> select max(rowid) from my_table 
   
  group by my_column_name ); 
   
  第四个办法: 
   
  delete from my_table t1 
  where exists (select 'x' from my_table t2 
   
  where t2.key_value1 = t1.key_value1 
   
  and t2.key_value2 = t1.key_value2 
   
  and t2.rowid > t1.rowid); 
   
  如何快速为已有的表加上一个主键? 
  =====================
  加上一个非空的列,比如seqno,然后: 
   
  update table_name set seqno=rownum; 
   
  或者: 
   
  CREATE SEQUENCE testseq START WITH 1 INCREMENT BY 1; 
  update table_name set seqno=testseq.nextval; 
   
  SQL排序问题:我怎么才能选择出按照某个列排序后前N行来? 
  ======================
  在SQL*Server 里面,可以用这样的语句:select top 10 col1,col2 from table_name; 
   
  从Oracle8i开始,支持这样的语法(在子查询里面使用order by语句) 
   
  select * from (select col1,col2 from table_name order by col1,col2) 
   
  where rownum<11; 
   
  这样就能够起到同样的效果。 
   
  在Oracle8或者以下,可以这样: 
  SELECT col1,col2 FROM 
  (SELECT /*+ INDEX_DESC (table_name index_name) */ col1,col2 FROM table_name) 
  WHERE rownum < 6; 
   
  使用提示可以让Oracle在子查询返回结果之前先对他进行排序,一般可以使用hintINDEX_DESC(TABLE_NAME,INDEX_NAME)来起到这个作用。 
   
  我们可以分别查看两个SQL的执行计划: 
   
  scott@testdb> select * from sort_sample; 
   
  ID NAME 
  ---------- ------------
  1 aa 
  5 33 
  90 23s 
  23 fdisk 
  746 2343 
  24 format 
  3 low format 
  7 rows selected. 
   
  scott@testdb> create index sort_id_idx on sort_sample(id); 
   
  Index created. 
  scott@testdb> set autotrace on explain 
  scott@testdb> --way 1: 
  scott@testdb> select * from (select * from sort_sample order by id desc) where rownum<3; 
   
  ID NAME 
  ---------- -----------
  746 2343 
  90 23s 
   
  Execution Plan 
  ------------------------
  0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE 
  1 0 COUNT (STOPKEY) 
  2 1 VIEW 
  3 2 SORT (ORDER BY STOPKEY) 
  4 3 TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'SORT_SAMPLE' 
   
  scott@testdb> --way 2 :wrong result 
  scott@testdb> select * from sort_sample where rownum<3; 
   
  ID NAME 
  ---------- ------------
  1 aa 
  5 33 
   
  Execution Plan 
  ---------------------------
  0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE 
  1 0 COUNT (STOPKEY) 
  2 1 TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'SORT_SAMPLE' 
   
  scott@testdb> ANALYZE TABLE SORT_SAMPLE COMPUTE STATISTICS; 
   
  Table analyzed. 
   
  scott@testdb> ANALYZE INDEX SORT_ID_IDX COMPUTE STATISTICS; 
   
  Index analyzed. 
   
  scott@testdb> --way 3: can work in oracle8 and oracle7 
  scott@testdb> select * from (select /*+index_desc(sort_sample sort_id_idx)*/ * from sort_sample) 
  2 where rownum<3; 
   
  ID NAME 
  ---------- ------------------
  1 aa 
  5 33 
   
  //原因:col sort_id_idx列为nullable,所以CBO不能确定,加上not null约束即可达到目的。 
   
  用group by可以生成从小开始的排序: 
   
  scott@testdb> SELECT ID,NAME FROM 
  2 (SELECT ID,NAME,COUNT(*) FROM SORT_SAMPLE GROUP BY ID, NAME) 
  3 WHERE ROWNUM<3; 
   
  ID NAME 
  ---------- --------------
  1 aa 
  3 low format 
   
  Execution Plan 
  ------------------------------
  0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE (Cost=3 Card=7 Bytes=175) 
  1 0 COUNT (STOPKEY) 
  2 1 VIEW (Cost=3 Card=7 Bytes=175) 
  3 2 SORT (GROUP BY STOPKEY) (Cost=3 Card=7 Bytes=56) 
  4 3 TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'SORT_SAMPLE' (Cost=1 Card=7 
   
  6。怎么每隔N条记录获得一条记录?比如第3,6,9等? 
  =================================
  CHAO@PING>select * from testseq; 
   
  ID NAME 
  ---------- ---------------------
  1 this is 1th record 
  2 this is 2th record 
  3 this is 3th record 
  4 this is 4th record 
  5 this is 5th record 
  6 this is 6th record 
  7 this is 7th record 
  8 this is 8th record 
  9 this is 9th record 
  10 this is 10th record 
   
  10 rows selected. 
   
  CHAO@PING>select id, name from 
  2 (select id, name, rownum rz from testseq) temp 
  3 where mod(rz,3)=0; 
   
  ID NAME 
  ---------- -------------------------
  3 this is 3th record 
  6 this is 6th record 
  9 this is 9th record 
   
  CHAO@PING> 
   
  如何删除一个列? 
  ===========
  从Oracle8i开始,Oracle支持一个列的删除,语法如下: 
   
  alter table tab_name drop column col1; 
   
  7。如何重命名一个列? 
  ==============
  CHAO@PING> create table testrename(id number, nama varchar2(30)); 
   
  Table created. 
   
  CHAO@PING> begin 
  2 for x in 1..10 loop 
  3 insert into testrename values(x,'this is '||to_char(x)||'th record'); 
  4 end loop; 
  5 end; 
  6 / 
   
  PL/SQL procedure suclearcase/" target="_blank" >ccessfully completed. 
   
  CHAO@PING> commit; 
   
  Commit complete. 
   
  CHAO@PING> alter table testrename add name varchar2(30); 
   
  Table altered. 
   
  CHAO@PING> update testrename set name=nama; 
   
  10 rows updated. 
   
  CHAO@PING> alter table testrename drop column nama; 
   
  Table altered. 
   
  CHAO@PING> select * from testrename; 
   
  ID NAME 
  ---------- ---------------------------
  1 this is 1th record 
  2 this is 2th record 
  3 this is 3th record 
  4 this is 4th record 
  5 this is 5th record 
  6 this is 6th record 
  7 this is 7th record 
  8 this is 8th record 
  9 this is 9th record 
  10 this is 10th record 
   
  10 rows selected. 
   
  8。强大的Decode的用法:在SQl里面实现IF-THEN-ELSE的控制? 
  ========================================
  CHAO@PING>create table testdecode(id number, sex char, name varchar2(20)); 
   
  Table created. 
   
  CHAO@PING>insert into testdecode values(1,'F','this is a woman'); 
   
  1 row created. 
   
  CHAO@PING>insert into testdecode values(1,'M','this is a man'); 
   
  1 row created. 
   
  CHAO@PING>commit; 
   
  Commit complete. 
   
  CHAO@PING>select decode(sex,'F','女','M','男','未知') as 性别, name as 名字 from testdecode; 
   
  性别 名字 
  -------- -------------------------
  女 this is a woman 
  男 this is a man 
   
  9。怎样从表中随机选择一些数据?(Oracle8i/9i支持)--sample语句
  ==============================
  scott@QINGH> create table testsample(a number); 
   
  Table created. 
   
  scott@QINGH> begin 
  2 for x in 1..1000 loop 
  3 insert into testsample values(x); 
  4 end loop; 
  5 end; 
  6 / 
   
  PL/SQL procedure successfully completed. 
   
  scott@QINGH> commit; 
   
  Commit complete. 
   
  scott@QINGH> select * from testsample sample(1); 
   
  A 
  ---------- 
  8 
  156 
  234 
  373 
  416 
  469 
  494 
  603 
  714 
  827 
  829 
   
  A 
  ---------- 
  925 
   
  12 rows selected. 
   
  限制:只能够用于单个表的查询 
   
  关于数据类型转换; 
   
  long-clob: to_lob 
   
  long-varchar:in sql*plus, set copytypecheck off, and use copy command. 
   
  clob->varchar 
   
  SQL> create table lob(a clob); 
   
  Table created. 
   
  SQL> insert into lob values('this is for test'); 
   
  1 row created. 
   
  SQL> commit; 
   
  Commit complete. 
   
  SQL> select dbms_lob.getlength(a) from lob; 
   
  DBMS_LOB.GETLENGTH(A) 
  --------------------- 
  16 
   
  SQL> declare 
  2 x long; 
  3 y clob; 
  4 begin 
  5 select a into y from lob; 
  6 
  7 x:=dbms_lob.substr(y,dbms_lob.getlength(y),1); 
  8 dbms_output.put_line(x); 
  9 end; 
  10 / 
  this is for test 
   
  PL/SQL procedure successfully completed. 
   
  在SQLplus里面这么返回函数的执行结果? 
  ===========================
  scott@QINGHAI> create or replace function test (inputvar in varchar) 
  2 return varchar 
  3 is 
  4 begin 
  5 return upper(inputvar); 
  6 end; 
  7 / 
   
  Function created. 
   
  scott@QINGHAI> declare x varchar2(20); 
  2 y varchar2(20); 
  3 begin 
  4 x:='thistest'; 
  5 select test(x) into y from dual; 
  6 dbms_output.put_line(y); 
  7 end; 
  8 / 
  THISTEST 
   
  PL/SQL procedure successfully completed. 
  或者: 
   
  sql>exec dbms_output.put_line(test('this is for test')); 
   
  
  初学者的一个大难题:Oracle里面的日期问题 
  ===========================
  1. init.ora中的nls_date_format几乎总是不会起作用。 
  这是因为: 系统参数的设置,session优先于system 
  而对于几乎所有的客户端, register或environment varible 中nls_lang都已被定义,从而造成nls_date_format或者被显式定义,或者根据nls_lang取得了一个缺省值。 
   
  2. 在nt的注册表中,oracle\homeX下的值优先于oracle下,所以你应该在oracle\homeX\下设置。 
   
  3. 如果还是不行,或者你有多个oracle home, 可通过在系统环境变量中设置,其作用等同于unix下.profile中设置。 
   
  4. 修改注册表中的参数,不必重新启动nt或oracle, 重新建立的新SESSION会使用新的设置。 
   
  13。关于View:什么样的View允许DML,怎么查看View的源代码,怎么修改View,怎么编译view? 
   
  scott@QINGH> CREATE TABLE MYTABLE(AA NUMBER); 
   
  Table created. 
   
  scott@QINGH> CREATE VIEW TESTVIEW AS SELECT * FROM MYTABLE; 
   
  View created. 
   
  scott@QINGH> SELECT OBJECT_NAME,OBJECT_TYPE FROM USER_OBJECTS 
  WHERE STATUS='INVALID'; 
   
  no rows selected 
   
  scott@QINGH> DROP TABLE MYTABLE; 
   
  Table dropped. 
   
  scott@QINGH> SELECT OBJECT_NAME,OBJECT_TYPE FROM USER_OBJECTS 
   
  WHERE STATUS='INVALID'; 
   
  OBJECT_NAME 
  --------------------------
  TESTVIEW 
   
  scott@QINGH> CREATE TABLE MYTABLE(AA NUMBER); 
   
  Table created. 
   
  scott@QINGH> SELECT OBJECT_NAME,OBJECT_TYPE FROM USER_OBJECTS 
   
  WHERE STATUS='INVALID'; 
   
  OBJECT_NAME 
  -------------------------------
  TESTVIEW 
   
  scott@QINGH> ALTER VIEW TESTVIEW COMPILE; 
   
  View altered. 
   
  scott@QINGH> SELECT OBJECT_NAME,OBJECT_TYPE FROM USER_OBJECTS 
   
  WHERE STATUS='INVALID'; 
   
  no rows selected 
   
  scott@QINGH>
  

原文转自:http://www.ltesting.net