Other Hazards  其他危害

    There are plenty of other hazards to computer systems and data besides criminals. They include the following:
    除了罪犯之外，计算机系统和数据还面临大量其他的危害。这包括如下危害：

    ■ Natural Hazards  自然危害

    Natural forces include fires, floods, wind, hurricanes, tornadoes, and earthquakes. Even home computer users should store backup disks of programs and data in safe locations in case of fire or storm damage.
    大自然的力量包括火灾、水灾、风、飓风、龙卷风和地震。即使家用计算机用户也应在安全地点保存程序与数据的备份磁盘，以防火灾或暴风的毁坏。

    ■ Civil Strife and Terrorism   内乱与恐怖主义

    Wars, riots, and other forms of political unrest are real risks in some parts of the world. Even people in developed countries, however, must be mindful that acts of sabotage are possible.
    战争、暴乱和其他形式的政治动荡在世界的某些地区是实实在在的威胁。然而，即使是发达国家的人们，也必须保持警惕，在他们国家也可能发生破坏行为。

    ■ Technological Failures   技术故障

    Hardware and software don’t always do what they are supposed to do. For instance, too little electricity, caused by a brownout or blackout, may cause the loss of data in primary storage. Too much electricity, as when lightning or other electrical disturbance affects a power line, may cause a voltage surge, or spike. This excess of electricity may destroy chips or other electronic components of a computer.
    硬件和软件并不总是做它们该做的事。例如，电压不足或断电引起的电流过小，可能造成主存储器中的数据丢失。电流过大，如闪电或其他电干扰影响输电线时，可能造成电压浪涌或形成电压尖峰。这种电流过大可能毁坏计算机的芯片或其他电子元件。

    Most microcomputer users buy a surge protector, a device that separates the computer from the power source of the wall outlet. When avoltage surge oclearcase/" target="_blank" >ccurs, it activates a circuit breaker in the surge protector,protecting the computer system.
    大多数微机用户购买浪涌电压保护器，一种将计算机与壁装电源插座的电源分开的设备。电压浪涌发生时，就会激活浪涌电压保护器中的断路器，从而保护计算机系统。

    Another technological catastrophe is when a hard-disk drive suddenly “crashes,” or fails, perhaps because it has been bumped inadvertently. If the user has forgotten to make backup copies of data on the hard disk, data may be lost.
    还有一种技术灾祸：硬盘驱动器突然“崩溃”或出故障，原因可能是不小心的碰撞。如果用户忘记在硬盘上备份数据，数据就可能丢失。

    ■ Human Errors   人为差错

    Human mistakes are inevitable. Data-entry errors are probably the most commonplace. Programmer errors also occur frequently. Some
mistakes may result from faulty design, as when a software manufacturer makes a deletion command closely resembling another command. Some errors may be the result of sloppy procedures. One such example occurs when office workers keep important correspondence under filenames that no one else in the office knows.
    人为差错不可避免。数据输入错误或许是最常发生的。程序员错误也经常发生。有些错误可能是有毛病的设计所致，如软件制造商将删除命令设计得与另一个命令非常相似。有些错误可能起因于马虎的操作步骤。办公室工作人员将重要函件保存在办公室其他人不知道的文件名下，就是这样的一个例子。