GCC使用指南及gcc最佳编译参数

发表于:2007-07-04来源:作者:点击数: 标签:
使用语法: gcc [ option | filename ]... g++ [ option | filename ]... 其中 option 为 gcc 使用时的选项(后面会再详述),而 filename 为欲以 gcc 处理的文件 说明: 这 C 与 C++ 的 compiler 已将产生新程序的相关程序整合起来。产生一个新的程序需要经过

  使用语法:
  gcc [ option | filename ]...
    g++ [ option | filename ]...
  
  其中 option 为 gcc 使用时的选项(后面会再详述),而 filename 为欲以 gcc 处理的文件
  
  说明:
  这 C 与 C++ 的 compiler 已将产生新程序的相关程序整合起来。产生一个新的程序需要经过四个阶段:预处理、编译、汇编、连结,而这两个编译器都能将输入的文件做不同阶段的处理。虽然原始程序的扩展名可用来分辨编写原始程序码所用的语言,但不同的compiler,其预设的处理程序却各不相同:
  
  gcc  预设经由预处理过(扩展名为.i)的文件为 C 语言,并於程式连结阶段以 C 的连结方式处理。
  
  g++  预设经由预处理过(扩展名为.i)的文件为 C++ 语言,并於程序连结阶段以 C++ 的连结方式处理。
  
  原始程序码的扩展名指出所用编写程序所用的语言,以及相对应的处理方法:
  
    .c  C 原始程序         ; 预处理、编译、汇编
    .C  C++ 原始程序        ; 预处理、编译、汇编
    .cc C++ 原始程序        ; 预处理、编译、汇编
    .cxx C++ 原始程序        ; 预处理、编译、汇编
    .m  Objective-C 原始程序    ; 预处理、编译、汇编
    .i  已经过预处理之 C 原始程序  ; 编译、汇编
    .ii 已经过预处理之 C++ 原始程序 ; 编译、汇编
    .s  组合语言原始程序      ; 汇编
    .S  组合语言原始程序      ; 预处理、汇编
    .h  预处理文件(标头文件)    ; (不常出现在指令行)
  
  其他扩展名的文件是由连结程序来处理,通常有:
    .o  Object file
    .a  Archive file
  
  除非编译过程出现错误,否则 "连结" 一定是产生一个新程序的最後阶段。然而你也可以以 -c、-s 或 -E 等选项,将整个过程自四个阶段中的其中一个停止。在连结阶段,所有与原始码相对应的.o 文件、程序库、和其他无法自文件名辨明属性的文件(包括不以 .o为扩展名的 object file 以及扩展名为 .a 的 archive file)都会交由连结程序来处理(在指令行将那些文件当作连结程序的参数传给连结程序)。
  
  选项:
  
  不同的选项必须分开来下:例如 `-dr' 这个选项就与 `-d -r' 大不相同。
  
  绝大部份的 `-f' 及 `-W' 选项都有正反两种形式:-fname 及-fno-name (或 -Wname 及 -Wno-name)。以下只列出非预设的那个形式。
  
  以下是所有选项的摘要。以形式来分类。选项的意义将另辟小节说明。
  
  一般性(概略、常用的)选项
         -c -S -E -o file -pipe -v -x language
  
    程序语言选项
         -ansi -fall-virtual -fcond-mismatch
         -fdollars-in-identifiers -fenum-int-equiv
         -fexternal-templates -fno-asm -fno-builtin
         -fno-strict-prototype -fsigned-bitfields
         -fsigned-char -fthis-is-variable
         -funsigned-bitfields -funsigned-char
         -fwritable-strings -traditional -traditional-cpp
         -trigraphs
  
    编译时的警告选项
         -fsyntax-only -pedantic -pedantic-errors -w -W
         -Wall -Waggregate-return -Wcast-align -Wcast-qual
         -Wchar-subscript -Wcomment -Wconversion
         -Wenum-clash -Werror -Wformat -Wid-clash-len
         -Wimplicit -Winline -Wmissing-prototypes
         -Wmissing-declarations -Wnested-externs -Wno-import
         -Wparentheses -Wpointer-arith -Wredundant-decls
         -Wreturn-type -Wshadow -Wstrict-prototypes -Wswitch
         -Wtemplate-debugging -Wtraditional -Wtrigraphs
         -Wuninitialized -Wunused -Wwrite-strings
  
    除错选项
         -a -dletters -fpretend-float -g -glevel -gcoff
         -gxcoff -gxcoff+ -gdwarf -gdwarf+ -gstabs -gstabs+
         -ggdb -p -pg -save-temps -print-file-name=library
         -print-libgcc-file-name -print-prog-name=program
  
   最佳化选项
         -fcaller-saves -fcse-follow-jumps -fcse-skip-blocks
         -fdelayed-branch -felide-constructors
         -fexpensive-optimizations -ffast-math -ffloat-store
         -fforce-addr -fforce-mem -finline-functions
         -fkeep-inline-functions -fmemoize-lookups
         -fno-default-inline -fno-defer-pop
         -fno-function-cse -fno-inline -fno-peephole
         -fomit-frame-pointer -frerun-cse-after-loop
         -fschedule-insns -fschedule-insns2
         -fstrength-reduce -fthread-jumps -funroll-all-loops
         -funroll-loops -O -O2
  
    预处理选项
         -Aassertion -C -dD -dM -dN -Dmacro[=defn] -E -H
         -idirafter dir -include file -imacros file -iprefix
         file -iwithprefix dir -M -MD -MM -MMD -nostdinc -P
         -Umacro -undef
  
    汇编程序选项
         -Wa,option
    连结程序选项
         -llibrary -nostartfiles -nostdlib -static -shared
         -symbolic -Xlinker option -Wl,option -u symbol
  
    目录选项
         -Bprefix -Idir -I- -Ldir
  
   Target Options
         -b machine -V version
  
   与机器(平台)相关的选项
         M680x0 Options
         -m68000 -m68020 -m68020-40 -m68030 -m68040 -m68881
         -mbitfield -mc68000 -mc68020 -mfpa -mnobitfield
         -mrtd -mshort -msoft-float
  
  VAX Options
         -mg -mgnu -munix
  
  SPARC Options
         -mepilogue -mfpu -mhard-float -mno-fpu
         -mno-epilogue -msoft-float -msparclite -mv8
         -msupersparc -mcypress
  
  Convex Options
         -margcount -mc1 -mc2 -mnoargcount
  
  AMD29K Options
         -m29000 -m29050 -mbw -mdw -mkernel-registers
         -mlarge -mnbw -mnodw -msmall -mstack-check
         -muser-registers
  
  M88K Options
         -m88000 -m88100 -m88110 -mbig-pic
         -mcheck-zero-division -mhandle-large-shift
         -midentify-revision -mno-check-zero-division
         -mno-ocs-debug-info -mno-ocs-frame-position
         -mno-optimize-arg-area -mno-serialize-volatile
         -mno-underscores -mocs-debug-info
         -mocs-frame-position -moptimize-arg-area
         -mserialize-volatile -mshort-data-num -msvr3 -msvr4
         -mtrap-large-shift -muse-div-instruction
         -mversion-03.00 -mwarn-passed-structs
  
    RS6000 Options
         -mfp-in-toc -mno-fop-in-toc
  
  RT Options
         -mcall-lib-mul -mfp-arg-in-fpregs -mfp-arg-in-gregs
         -mfull-fp-blocks -mhc-struct-return -min-line-mul
         -mminimum-fp-blocks -mnohc-struct-return
  
  MIPS Options
         -mcpu=cpu type -mips2 -mips3 -mint64 -mlong64
         -mlonglong128 -mmips-as -mgas -mrnames -mno-rnames
         -mgpopt -mno-gpopt -mstats -mno-stats -mmemcpy
         -mno-memcpy -mno-mips-tfile -mmips-tfile
         -msoft-float -mhard-float -mabicalls -mno-abicalls
         -mhalf-pic -mno-half-pic -G num -nocpp
  
  i386 Options
         -m486 -mno-486 -msoft-float -mno-fp-ret-in-387
  
  HPPA Options
         -mpa-risc-1-0 -mpa-risc-1-1 -mkernel -mshared-libs
         -mno-shared-libs -mlong-calls -mdisable-fpregs
         -mdisable-indexing -mtrailing-colon
  
    i960 Options
         -mcpu-type -mnumerics -msoft-float
         -mleaf-procedures -mno-leaf-procedures -mtail-call
         -mno-tail-call -mcomplex-addr -mno-complex-addr
         -mcode-align -mno-code-align -mic-compat
         -mic2.0-compat -mic3.0-compat -masm-compat
         -mintel-asm -mstrict-align -mno-strict-align
         -mold-align -mno-old-align
  
    DEC Alpha Options
         -mfp-regs -mno-fp-regs -mno-soft-float -msoft-float
  
    System V Options
         -G -Qy -Qn -YP,paths -Ym,dir
  
   Code Generation Options
         -fcall-saved-reg -fcall-used-reg -ffixed-reg
         -finhibit-size-directive -fnonnull-objects
         -fno-common -fno-ident -fno-gnu-linker
         -fpcc-struct-return -fpic -fPIC
         -freg-struct-returno -fshared-data -fshort-enums
         -fshort-double -fvolatile -fvolatile-global
         -fverbose-asm
  
  PRAGMAS
  Two `#pragma' directives are supported for GNU C++, to
  permit using the same header file for two purposes: as a
  definition of interfaces to a given object class, and as
  the full definition of the contents of that object class.
  
  #pragma interface
  (C++ only.) Use this directive in header files that define object classes, to save space in most of the object files that use those classes. Nor- mally, local copies of certain information (backup copies of inline member functions, debugging infor-mation, and the internal tables that implement vir-tual functions) must be kept in each object file that includes class definitions. You can use this pragma to avoid such duplication. When a header file containing `#pragma interface' is included in a compilation, this auxiliary information will not be generated (unless the main input source file it-self uses `#pragma implementation'). Instead, the object files will contain references to be resolved at link time.
  
  #pragma implementation
  
  #pragma implementation "objects.h"(C++ only.) Use this pragma in a main input file,when you want full output from included header files to be generated (and made globally visible).
  The included header file, in turn, should use`#pragma interface'. Backup copies of inline mem-ber functions, debugging information, and the in-ternal tables used to implement virtual functions are all generated in implementation files.
  
  If you use `#pragma implementation' with no argu-ment, it applies to an include file with the same basename as your source file; for example, in `allclass.cc', `#pragma implementation' by itself is equivalent  to  `#pragma  implementation"allclass.h"'. Use the string argument if you wanta single implementation file to include code frommultiple header files.
  
  There is no way to split up the contents of a sin-gle header file into multiple implementation files.
  
  文件说明
    file.c       C source file
    file.h       C header (preprocessor) file
    file.i       经预处理过的 C source file
    file.C       C++ source file
    file.cc      C++ source file
    file.cxx     C++ source file
    file.m       Objective-C source file
    file.s       assembly language file
    file.o       object file
    a.out       link edited output
    TMPDIR/cc*     temporary files
    LIBDIR/cpp     preprocessor
    LIBDIR/cc1     compiler for C
    LIBDIR/cc1plus   compiler for C++
    LIBDIR/collect   linker front end needed on some machines
    LIBDIR/libgcc.a  GCC subroutine library
    /lib/crt[01n].o  start-up routine
    LIBDIR/ccrt0  additional start-up routine for C++
    /lib/libc.a    standard C library, 参阅 man page intro(3)
    /usr/include  standard directory for #include files
    LIBDIR/include   standard gcc directory for #include files
    LIBDIR/g++-include additional g++ directory for #include
  
    LIBDIR is usually /usr/local/lib/machine/version.
    TMPDIR comes from the environment variable TMPDIR (default
    /usr/tmp if available, else /tmp).
  
  gcc最佳编译参数
  摘要   本文着重介绍在不同的硬件环境下给GCC指定哪些参数才可以得到最佳的性能
  这篇文章是从一个名为Gentoo Linux的发行版的编程说明书里面分离出来的,希望对大家编译程序有帮助。
  
  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  一、1.2版(gcc 2.9.x版)
  i386 (Intel), do you really want to install gentoo on that? CHOST="i386-pc-linux-gnu" CFLAGS="-march=i386 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer" CXXFLAGS="-march=i386 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"
  i486 (Intel), do you really want to install gentoo on that? CHOST="i486-pc-linux-gnu" CFLAGS="-march=i486 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer" CXXFLAGS="-march=i486 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"
  Pentium, Pentium MMX+, Celeron (Mendocino) (Intel) CHOST="i586-pc-linux-gnu" CFLAGS="-march=pentium -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer" CXXFLAGS="-march=pentium -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"
  Pentium Pro/II/III/4, Celeron (Coppermine), Celeron (Willamette?) (Intel) CHOST="i686-pc-linux-gnu" CFLAGS="-march=i686 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer" CXXFLAGS="-march=i686 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"
  Eden C3/Ezra (Via) CHOST="i586-pc-linux-gnu" CFLAGS="-march=i586 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer" CXXFLAGS="-march=i586 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"
  Quote : I did the original gentoo install using 1.2, with gcc 2.95 using -march=i586. i686 won't work.
  K6 or beyond (AMD) CHOST="i586-pc-linux-gnu" CFLAGS="-march=k6 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer" CXXFLAGS="-march=k6 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"
  (A Duron will report "Athlon" in its /proc/cpuinfo)
  Athlon (AMD) CHOST="i686-pc-linux-gnu" CFLAGS="-march=k6 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer" CXXFLAGS="-march=k6 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"
  For the following, i don't know of any flag that enhance performances..., do you ?
  PowerPC CHOST="powerpc-unknown-linux-gnu" CFLAGS="-O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer" CXXFLAGS="-O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"
  Sparc CHOST="sparc-unknown-linux-gnu" CFLAGS="-O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer" CXXFLAGS="-O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"
  Sparc 64 CHOST="sparc64-unknown-linux-gnu" CFLAGS="-O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer" CXXFLAGS="-O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"
  
  二、1.4版(gcc 3.x版):
  i386 (Intel), do you really want to install gentoo on that ? CHOST="i386-pc-linux-gnu" CFLAGS="-march=i386 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer" CXXFLAGS="-march=i386 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"
  i486 (Intel), do you really want to install gentoo on that ? CHOST="i486-pc-linux-gnu" CFLAGS="-march=i486 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer" CXXFLAGS="-march=i486 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"
  Pentium 1 (Intel) CHOST="i586-pc-linux-gnu" CFLAGS="-march=pentium -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer" CXXFLAGS="-march=pentium -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"
  Pentium MMX (Intel) CHOST="i586-pc-linux-gnu" CFLAGS="-march=pentium-mmx -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer" CXXFLAGS="-march=pentium-mmx -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"
  Pentium PRO (Intel) CHOST="i686-pc-linux-gnu" CFLAGS="-march=pentiumpro -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer" CXXFLAGS="-march=pentiumpro -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"
  Pentium II (Intel) CHOST="i686-pc-linux-gnu" CFLAGS="-march=pentium2 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer" CXXFLAGS="-march=pentium2 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"
  Celeron (Mendocino), aka Celeron1 (Intel) CHOST="i686-pc-linux-gnu" CFLAGS="-march=pentium2 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer" CXXFLAGS="-march=pentium2 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"
  Pentium III (Intel) CHOST="i686-pc-linux-gnu" CFLAGS="-march=pentium3 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer" CXXFLAGS="-march=pentium3 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"
  Celeron (Coppermine) aka Celeron2 (Intel) CHOST="i686-pc-linux-gnu" CFLAGS="-march=pentium3 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer" CXXFLAGS="-march=pentium3 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"
  Celeron (Willamette?) (Intel) CHOST="i686-pc-linux-gnu" CFLAGS="-march=pentium4 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer" CXXFLAGS="-march=pentium4 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"
  Pentium 4 (Intel) CHOST="i686-pc-linux-gnu" CFLAGS="-march=pentium4 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer" CXXFLAGS="-march=pentium4 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"
  Eden C3/Ezra (Via) CHOST="i586-pc-linux-gnu" CFLAGS="-march=i586 -m3dnow -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer" CXXFLAGS="-march=i586 -m3dnow -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"
  quote : the ezra doesn't have any special instructions that you could optimize for, just consider is a K6-3...basically a p2 with 3dnow
  K6 (AMD) CHOST="i586-pc-linux-gnu" CFLAGS="-march=k6 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer" CXXFLAGS="-march=k6 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"
  K6-2 (AMD) CHOST="i586-pc-linux-gnu" CFLAGS="-march=k6-2 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer" CXXFLAGS="-march=k6-2 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"
  K6-3 (AMD) CHOST="i586-pc-linux-gnu" CFLAGS="-march=k6-3 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer" CXXFLAGS="-march=k6-3 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"
  Athlon (AMD) CHOST="i686-pc-linux-gnu" CFLAGS="-march=athlon -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer" CXXFLAGS="-march=athlon -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"
  Athlon-tbird, aka K7 (AMD) CHOST="i686-pc-linux-gnu" CFLAGS="-march=athlon-tbird -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer" CXXFLAGS="-march=athlon-tbird -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"
  Athlon-tbird XP (AMD) CHOST="i686-pc-linux-gnu" CFLAGS="-march=athlon-xp -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer" CXXFLAGS="-march=athlon-xp -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"
  Athlon 4(AMD) CHOST="i686-pc-linux-gnu" CFLAGS="-march=athlon-4 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer" CXXFLAGS="-march=athlon-4 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"
  Athlon XP (AMD) CHOST="i686-pc-linux-gnu" CFLAGS="-march=athlon-xp -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer" CXXFLAGS="-march=athlon-xp -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"
  Athlon MP (AMD) CHOST="i686-pc-linux-gnu" CFLAGS="-march=athlon-mp -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer" CXXFLAGS="-march=athlon-mp -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"
  603 (PowerPC) CHOST="powerpc-unknown-linux-gnu" CFLAGS="-O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer -fsigned-char" CXXFLAGS="-O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer -fsigned-char"
  603e (PowerPC) CHOST="powerpc-unknown-linux-gnu" CFLAGS="-O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer -fsigned-char" CXXFLAGS="-O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer -fsigned-char"
  604 (PowerPC) CHOST="powerpc-unknown-linux-gnu" CFLAGS="-O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer -fsigned-char" CXXFLAGS="-O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer -fsigned-char"
  604e (PowerPC) CHOST="powerpc-unknown-linux-gnu" CFLAGS="-O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer -fsigned-char" CXXFLAGS="-O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer -fsigned-char"
  750 aka as G3 (PowerPC) CHOST="powerpc-unknown-linux-gnu" CFLAGS="-mcpu=750 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer -fsigned-char" CXXFLAGS="-mcpu=750 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer -fsigned-char"
  Note: do not use -march=
  7400, aka G4 (PowerPC) CHOST="powerpc-unknown-linux-gnu" CFLAGS="-mcpu=7400 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer -fsigned-char -maltivec" CXXFLAGS="-mcpu=7400 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer -fsigned-char -maltivec"
  Note: do not use -march=
  7450, aka G4 second generation (PowerPC) CHOST="powerpc-unknown-linux-gnu" CFLAGS="-mcpu=7450 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer -fsigned-char -maltivec" CXXFLAGS="-mcpu=7450 -O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer -fsigned-char -maltivec"
  Note: do not use -march=
  PowerPC (If you don't know which one) CHOST="powerpc-unknown-linux-gnu" CFLAGS="-O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer -fsigned-char" CXXFLAGS="-O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer -fsigned-char"
  Sparc CHOST="sparc-unknown-linux-gnu" CFLAGS="-O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer" CXXFLAGS="-O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"
  Sparc 64 CHOST="sparc64-unknown-linux-gnu" CFLAGS="-O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer" CXXFLAGS="-O3 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"GCC 使用指南 GCC 使用指南 GCC 使用指南

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