计算机应用举例

A Glimpse of Computer Application

1．Computer in Science
　　Computers handle a variety of tasks in the broad area of science. Some categories of tasks in which computers can be helpful are in (1) performing mathematical calculations, (2)simulating and modeling．And (3) controlling laboratory instruments and devices．

(1)Performing Mathematical Calculations
　　Because of the enormous volume of data that must be stored and processed for some scientific tasks, super computers are used to handle the requirements．They process vast amounts of data and produce output in a form that is easy to read and interpret.
　　Some scientific tasks require real-time mathematical calculations．Real-time refers to the way a computer can process data so fast that it gives immediate feedback. Since real-time computer systems are so quick, they are often used as emergency systems to warn of potential or actual danger
   
(2) Simulating and Modeling
　　Computers are also used for simulating and modeling. The computer makes simulation by duplicating the conditions likely to occur when certain variables are changed in a given situation. The computer is programmed to consider certain facts (which are stored in memory) and then come to a decision.
　　In computer modeling, the computer constructs a model (or prototype) of some object on the video screen. Shapes and sizes can easily be changed to alter the model. Computer models are used in many fields, such as astronomy and chemistry.
　　Sometimes simulation and modeling systems are referred to as expert systems, because they make decisions using the same information that experts in the field would use．
  
(3) Controlling Laboratory Instruments and De-vices
　　Computers can also control various pieces of laboratory equipment. A program enables the equipment to operate both quickly and“intelligently"．The use of computers in this area allows the researcher to spend valuable time conducting other experiments rather than overseeing the instruments．

2．computers in Manufacturing
　　Manufacturing, which involves designing and making products, uses computers to become coefficients. It does this in two ways：(1)with special Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing systems CAD/CAM)；(2)with robotics．   
(1)CAD/CAM
　　Before a product can be produced, it must be designed, and the actual design process can be quite time consuming and costly. Computer-Aided Design．CAD) allows the engineer to design, draft, and analyze a new product idea using computer graphics on video terminal.
　　Computer-Aided Design is often coupled with Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM), and the combination is known as CAD/CAM．Using CAD/CAM, the engineer can analyze not only the
product but also the manufacturing process．
(2) Robotics
　　A new class of workers is being called upon to perform undesirable or dangerous work all over the world. These are the steel-collar workers．better known as robots．Robotics is the science that deals with the construction, capabilities, and applications of robots．

3 Office Automation
　　The widespread use of computers began in the、workplace-in offices, banks and factories．Today, most people are comfortably accustomed to the influence of computers on their lives．Probably the area in which computers have brought about the greatest：Hinge and now offer the greatest potential for com-rice automation is the office.   
　　Office automation is a general term for the proc-：、that combines computer and communication technology with the traditional manual procedures of of-firework. Office automation may be divided into three catteries(1)word processing (2)communication and(3)information retrieval．   

(1)Word Processing
　　Word processing has led to the advancement of office automation and is definitely the best-established technology in the office today. It involves manipulation of text data to achieve a desired output. A typical word processing system consists of a keyboard, visual display device, a storage unit, and a printer. Like data processing, word processing relieves workers of time-consuming and routine tasks, resulting in increased productivity and quality.
  
(2)Communication
　　The exchange of information between workers on different floors, in different buildings, or in different cities and states is an essential part of the business world. Communication in the office can be automated to make the ex- change faster and more efficiently The automation can take several forms：electronic-mail, voice-mail，teleconferencing, and telecommuting-eating．
   
(3)Information Retrieval
　　Information retrieval-getting the stored information to users in a form they can understand-is an important part of office automation today. In the past users often had to look through entire reports to locate information they needed if they were not sure where it was．
　　To avoid this expensive and time-consuming process, they now can use an electronic file management system. Database management and text management systems have been designed for users．The information may be in the form of data, text, image, or voice. The user specifies key words and asks the computer to search through large volumes of text and
Produce lists telling where those words were used

4 ．Computers in Education
    Most people realize that computers will be vital to the success of today's youngsters. Parents are demanding that public schools should prepare their children for this complex technological world.
　　In addition to teaching about computers, schools also teach with computers。 Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI) in the schools is not new. For example, computers are commonly used to drill students on multiplication tables or state capitals．Each student receives instruction adapted to his or her learning pace, immediate feedback．With a computer as teacher, the teacher-learner relationship is not threatening．The computer is in patience and good nature. Even very young children learn to be comfortable with teaching machines. In the long run, this early familiarity with computer may be the most durable
Lesson for everyone.

翻译：

计算机应用举例

1.科学研究
　　计算机处理广阔的科学领域中的各种任务。计算机对一些领域任务有所帮助，这些任务是：(1)执行数学运算，(2)模拟和组建模型，(3)控制实验室的设备和仪器．

(1)数学运算
　　因为必须为科学任务存储和处理大量的数据，计算机常被用于处理这个需求。它们处理大量的数据并以一种易于阅读和解释的形式产生输出。 一些科学任务要求进行实时数学运算。实时指的是计算机能以非常快的速度处理数据并立即给出反馈的一种方法。它们常被用在一些紧急系统中以警告实际存在或潜的危险。

(2)模拟和构建模型
　　计算机也被用于进行模拟和建造模型。当在给定环境下某些因素发生改变时，计算机通过复制很可能发生的情况而进行模拟。能为计算机编程使之能够考虑某些情况然后得出结论。
　　在计算机建模中，计算机在屏幕上构造出一些实体的模型（或原形），可以方便的更改形状和大小从而改变整个模型。计算机模型被用于很多领域中，如象天文学和化学。
　　有时模拟和建模系统被称专家系统，这是因为他们使用该领域中专家使用的同样信息来做决定。
 
(3)控制实验室的设备和仪器
　　计算机也能控制各种各样的实验设备，程序能使仪器既快又“聪明”地操作。在该领域中使用计算机能让研究人员花宝贵的时间去进行其他的试验而不是监督查看这些仪器。

2.生产制造
    生产制造牵涉到设计与制造产品。使用计算机就会变得更高效。这通过两条途径来实现：(1)用特殊的计一算机辅助设计和制造系统(CAD/CAM)；(2)用机器人技术。

(1)CAD/CAM
　　在一个产品被生产之前，必须对它进行设计。实际的设计过程是很费时而且 昂贵的。计算机辅助设计（CAD）能让工程师在视频终端上使用计算机图像对新产品的构想进行设计，草拟和分析。
　　计算机辅助设计常与计算机辅助制造结合起来。它们的结合就是CAD/CAM.使用CAD/CAM，工程师们不仅可以分析产品而且还可以分析生产过程。
(2)机器人技术
　　当今世界有一类新的工人被用于完成一些枯燥的或危险的工作。它们就是钢铁工 人，即更为熟知的“机 器人”机器人技术是研究机器人的构造，能力和应用的科学。

3.办公自动化
 
　　计算机的广泛使用始于一些工作场所，例如办公室、银行、工厂等。现在，大多数人己安然地适应了计算机给它们带来的影响，大概计算机所带来最大变化的领域并且存在最大完全自动化的潜在可能性的领域亦是办公室。
　　办公自动化是一个总称，它指的是计算机和通讯技术以及传统的手工过程相结合的过程。它可以包括三个方面：(1)字处理，(2) 通讯，(3)信息检索。

(1)  字处理
　　字处理给办公自动化带来了进步并且无疑是当今办公室中最完善的技术。它涉及到对文本数据的操作并得到一个直观的输出，一个典型的字处理系统由键盘、视频显示器，一个存储部件和一台打印机组成。像数据处理一样，字处理把工作人员从费时的日常工作中解放出来，并带来了效率和产量的提高。
(2)通讯
　　在不同楼层，不同建筑物，不同的城市和国家，人们之间进行配信息交换已成为商业界中重要的部分。在办公室中进行通讯能使信息交换既简捷又高效。这种自动化有许多形式：电子邮件、声音邮件、电话会议和远程通讯。
(3)信息检索  
　　信息检索是指把存储在（某科介质上）的信息以一种易于理解跳方式提交给用户，它是当今办公自动化的重要部分。过去，如果用户不知道他们所需要的信息在哪里，常常得翻遍所有的报告才能找到。为避免这种昂贵费时的过程，（科学家设计出了）现在可以使用的电子文件管理系统，还为用户设计出了数据库理系统和文本管理系统。信息可以以数据文本，图像或声音的形式存在。用户指定关键字后，即可由计算机去执行查找大量文本的工作，并给出有关关键字在何处被使用到的清单。

4.计算机辅助教学
　　大多数人已意识到计算机对今天年青人的成功是很重要的。家长们向学校要求要让他们的孩子为这个复杂的技术世界做好准备。
　　学校除了讲授关于计算机的井识外，也用计算机来进行教学六学校里计算机辅助教学(CAI)己不是新鲜事了。例如，通常用计算机来对学生进行“乘法表”或“国家首都”的训练。每个学生接收适合他（她）学习进度的指令，并立即给出反馈。用计算机做教师，师生关系一点也不紧张。计算机有耐心而且脾气好，即使是很小的孩子也乐于通过教学机器进行学习。从长远看来，早些熟悉计算机或许对每个人都是最有用的。