在之前的OpenVPN+CA中已经介绍了使用CA验证登录的方式,
详见:http://bbs.chinaunix.net/forum/viewtopic.php?t=503434&show_type=new
本文主要介绍使用Username/Password方式验证登录VPN的方法,虽然使用的是User/Pass
方式登录,但是在Server端仍然需要证书,这样的VPN和web的HTTPs方式有点类似(不能等同),
只需Server端有证书,Client可以不提供自己的证书,Client只需验证Server的合法性即可,
所以Client端只需ca.crt(根证书)即可。当然,由于Client不是使用证书验证的,所以安全
性方面必然有所下降,但是省去了烦琐的CA管理,我们可以通过用户名和密码来登录VPN,
这样使得VPN可以很容易和论坛、邮件系统或者其他统一验证系统结合,使用现成的管理界面。
关于VPN的一些初步认识,可以从下面这个URL获得:(E文的)
http://blog.chinaunix.net/resserver.php?blogId=2389&resource=OpenVPN%20and%20the%20SSL%20VPN%20Revolution.pdf
原文出自:
http://www.giac.org/certified_professionals/practicals/gsec/3985.php
文中觉得很有意义的语句是: A VPN is a site-to-site tunnel. Let me say that one more time, a VPN is a site-to-site tunnel.
这篇文章介绍了OpenVPN1.x,也简单介绍了OpenVPN 2.x的一些新特性,同时也简单的介绍了
其他VPN以及不同方式实现的VPN产品、软件,有时间看看是很有必要的。
关于VPN比较通俗的理解,在OpenVPN的FAQ中找到的:
Imagine you had a direct physical wire (i.e. a long cable) connecting two computers (A and B) at different locations. On each computer there would be a /dev/longcable which would be a network device. You could route IP traffic over it, and do everything you could normally do with a network device.
下面开始介绍VPN的安装和配置:
环境:
OS: FC2 (在公司网络出口处,作路由或者是NAT设备使用)
eth0: 61.1.1.2 (外网地址,直接与Internet相连)
eth1: 192.168.0.1 (内网地址,连接公司内部,假设公司内部使用192.168.0.0/22这4个C地址)
Client端硬件及网络环境配置:
OS: Windown 2000 XP 为主,部分Linux (配置文件通用)
单网卡,IP地址不固定
需要达到的目的:
VPN Client可以随处通过User/Pass登录VPN,访问内网资源。
Server端配置
首先检查pam-devel包是否安装,否则从系统盘安装改软件包
[root@vpn ~]# rpm -qa | grep pam
pam_smb-1.1.7-3.1
pam-0.77-40
pam_krb5-2.0.10-1
pam-devel-0.77-40
[root@vpn ~]#
检查Mysql是否安装,确认mysql-devel包已经安装,否则从系统盘安装改软件包
[root@vpn ~]# rpm -qa | grep mysql
mysql-3.23.58-9
mysql-server-3.23.58-9
mysql-devel-3.23.58-9
[root@vpn ~]#
检查lzo包是否有安装,如果没有,可以到http://rpmfind.net去找
[root@vpn ~]# rpm -qa | grep lzo
[root@vpn ~]# wget ftp://rpmfind.net/linux/dag/fedora/2/en/i386/dag/RPMS/lzo-1.08-3.1.fc2.dag.i386.rpm
[root@vpn ~]# rpm -ivh lzo-1.08-3.1.fc2.dag.i386.rpm
[root@vpn ~]# wget ftp://rpmfind.net/linux/dag/fedora/2/en/i386/dag/RPMS/lzo-devel-1.08-3.1.fc2.dag.i386.rpm
[root@vpn ~]# rpm -ivh lzo-devel-1.08-3.1.fc2.dag.i386.rpm
[root@vpn ~]# rpm -qa | grep lzo
lzo-devel-1.08-3.1.fc2.dag
lzo-1.08-3.1.fc2.dag
[root@vpn ~]#
下面开始编译安装OpenVPN
[root@vpn ~]# wget http://mesh.dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/openvpn/openvpn-2.0_rc16.tar.gz
[root@vpn ~]# rpmbuild -tb openvpn-2.0_rc16.tar.gz
[root@vpn ~]# cd /usr/src/redhat/RPMS/i386/
[root@vpn /usr/src/redhat/RPMS/i386]# rpm -ivh openvpn-2.0_rc6-1.i386.rpm
为了能使用OpenVPN的PAM验证插件,我们安装pam_mysql使用MySQL数据库存储用户数据,其它数据库可以找相应的PAM验证模块
[root@vpn ~]# wget http://internap.dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/pam-mysql/pam_mysql-0.5.tar.gz
[root@vpn ~]# tar -zxvf pam_mysql-0.5.tar.gz
[root@vpn ~]# cd pam_mysql
[root@vpn ~]# make
[root@vpn ~]# cp pam_mysql.so /lib/security/
配置数据库
以管理员身份登录数据库:
mysql> create database vpn;
mysql> GRANT ALL ON vpn.* TO vpn@localhost IDENTIFIED BY 'vpn123';
mysql> flush privileges;
mysql> use vpn;
mysql> CREATE TABLE vpnuser (
-> name char(20) NOT NULL,
-> password char(128) default NULL,
-> active int(10) NOT NULL DEFAULT 1,
-> PRIMARY KEY (name)
-> );
mysql> insert into vpnuer (name,password) values('elm',password('elm'));
#创建vpn用户,对vpn这个database有所有操作权限,密码为vpn123
#active不为1,无权使用VPN
#增加用户 用户名:elm 密码:elm
配置pam_mysql模块
创建/etc/pam.d/openvpn文件,文件内容如下:
===================CUT Here================
auth sufficient pam_mysql.so user=vpn passwd=vpn123 host=localhost db=vpn \
table=vpnuser usercolumn=name passwdcolumn=password \
where=active=1 sqllog=0 crypt=2
account required pam_mysql.so user=vpn passwd=vpn123 host=localhost db=vpn \
table=vpnuser usercolumn=name passwdcolumn=password \
where=active=1 sqllog=0 crypt=2
==================Cut Here=================
crypt(0) -- Used to decide to use MySQL's PASSWORD() function or crypt()
0 = No encryption. Passwords in database in plaintext. NOT recommended!
1 = Use crypt
2 = Use MySQL PASSWORD() function
下面可以测试pam_mysql是否工作正常,先检查saslauthd是否安装:
[root@vpn ~]# rpm -qa | grep sasl
cyrus-sasl-plain-2.1.18-2
cyrus-sasl-md5-2.1.18-2
cyrus-sasl-devel-2.1.18-2
cyrus-sasl-2.1.18-2
[root@vpn ~]#
有cyrus-sasl-2.1.18-2应该就可以了,如果没有请安装相应的软件包,不安装也行,可以通过其它方法测试
[root@vpn ~]# saslauthd -a pam
[root@vpn ~]# testsaslauthd -u elm -p elm -s openvpn
0: OK "Success."
[root@vpn ~]#
恭喜,pam_mysql工作正常了,下面可以开始配置OpenVPN服务器了。
配置VPN Server:
[root@vpn /usr/src/redhat/RPMS/i386]# cd
[root@vpn ~]# cp -r /usr/share/openvpn/easy-rsa/ /etc/openvpn/
[root@vpn ~]# cd /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/
[root@vpn /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa]# vi vars
修改vars 文件
-----------------------------------------
# 定义你所在的国家,2个字符
export KEY_COUNTRY=CN
# 你所在的省份
export KEY_PROVINCE=Liaoning
# 你所在的城市
export KEY_CITY=Shenyang
# 你所在的组织
export KEY_ORG="ELM OpenVPN ORG"
# 你的邮件地址
export KEY_EMAIL="elm@elm.freetcp.com"
-----------------------------------------
#使修改的环境变量生效
[root@vpn /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa]# . vars
NOTE: when you run ./clean-all, I will be doing a rm -rf on /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/keys
#初始化keys目录
[root@vpn /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa]# ./clean-all
#生成Root CA证书,用于签发Server和Client证书,请保护好keys/ca.key文件。
[root@vpn /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa]# ./build-ca
Generating a 1024 bit RSA private key
........................++++++
.............++++++
writing new private key to 'ca.key'
-----
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [CN]: #如果无需修改,直接回车
State or Province Name (full name) [Liaoning]:
Locality Name (eg, city) [Shenyang]:
Organization Name (eg, company) [ELM OpenVPN ORG]:
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []: OpenVPN Service
Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:OpenVPN Root CA
Email Address [elm@elm.freetcp.com]:
#查看生成的keys
[root@vpn /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa]# ls keys
ca.crt ca.key index.txt serial
#我们可以看到ca.crt ca.key文件已经生成了。
#面我们为服务器生成 Diffie-Hellman 文件
#TLS server 需要使用的一个文件
[root@vpn /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa]# ./build-dh
Generating DH parameters, 1024 bit long safe prime, generator 2
This is going to take a long time
..+..............................................................+.................
...................................................+....+........+.........+.......
.............................................+.+...................................
...................................................................................
............................................+......................................
.+.................................+.............+.................................
................................................+..................................
.....................+.............................++*++*++*
#创建并签发VPN Server使用的CA
# `server' 为创建后的文件名,分别为server.crt server.key
[root@vpn /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa]# ./build-key-server server
Generating a 1024 bit RSA private key
......................++++++
...............++++++
writing new private key to 'server.key'
-----
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [CN]:
State or Province Name (full name) [Liaoning]:
Locality Name (eg, city) [Shenyang]:
Organization Name (eg, company) [ELM OpenVPN ORG]:
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:OpenVPN Service
Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:Server No.1
Email Address [elm@elm.freetcp.com]:
Please enter the following 'extra' attributes
to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []:
An optional company name []:
Using configuration from /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/openssl.cnf
Check that the request matches the signature
Signature ok
The Subject's Distinguished Name is as follows
countryName :PRINTABLE:'CN'
stateOrProvinceName :PRINTABLE:'Liaoning'
localityName :PRINTABLE:'Shenyang'
organizationName :PRINTABLE:'ELM OpenVPN ORG'
organizationalUnitName:PRINTABLE:'OpenVPN Service'
commonName :PRINTABLE:'Server No.1'
emailAddress :IA5STRING:'elm@elm.freetcp.com'
Certificate is to be certified until Feb 26 14:43:44 2015 GMT (3650 days)
Sign the certificate? [y/n]:y
1 out of 1 certificate requests certified, commit? [y/n]y
Write out database with 1 new entries
Data Base Updated
#为防止恶意攻击(如DOS、UDP port flooding),我们生成一个"HMAC firewall"
[root@vpn /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa]# openvpn --genkey --secret keys/ta.key
#Server使用的配置文件server.conf
----------------CUT Here-------------
port 1194
;proto tcp
proto udp
;dev tap
dev tun
ca ca.crt
cert server.crt
key server.key
dh dh1024.pem
server 10.8.0.0 255.255.0.0
ifconfig-pool-persist ipp.txt
;client-to-client
;duplicate-cn
keepalive 10 120
tls-auth ta.key 0
plugin ./openvpn-auth-pam.so openvpn
client-cert-not-required
username-as-common-name
comp-lzo
;max-clients 100
user nobody
group nobody
persist-key
persist-tun
status openvpn-status.log
;log /var/log/openvpn.log
;log-append openvpn.log
verb 4
;mute 20
--------------Cut Here-----------------
;client-to-client #如果让Client之间可以相互看见,去掉本行的注释掉,否则Client之间无法相互访问
;duplicate-cn #是否允许一个User同时登录多次,去掉本行注释后可以使用同一个用户名登录多次
plugin ./openvpn-auth-pam.so openvpn #说明使用的插件,openvpn为插件的参数,使用pam的servicesname
client-cert-not-required #不请求客户的CA证书,使用User/Pass验证
username-as-common-name #使用客户提供的UserName作为Common Name
把server.conf文件保存到/etc/opennvpn目录中,并把使用easy-rsa下的脚本什成的key都复制到/etc/openvpn目录下,命令如下:
[root@vpn /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa]# cp keys/ca.crt ../
[root@vpn /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa]# cp keys/server.crt ../
[root@vpn /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa]# cp keys/server.key ../
[root@vpn /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa]# cp keys/dh1024.pem ../
[root@vpn /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa]# cp keys/ta.key ../
[root@vpn /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa]# cp /usr/share/openvpn/plugin/lib/openvpn-auth-pam.so ../
#立即启动openenvpn
[root@vpn /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa]# /etc/init.d/openvpn start
#接下来配置客户端的配置文件client.conf:
#Linux或Unix下使用扩展名为.conf Windows下使用的是.ovpn,并把需要使用的文件复制到配置文件所在目录ca.crt ta.key
-------------Cut Here---------------------
client
;dev tap
dev tun
;proto tcp
proto udp
remote 61.1.1.2 1194
;remote my-server-2 1194
remote-random
resolv-retry infinite
nobind
persist-key
persist-tun
ca ca.crt
auth-user-pass
ns-cert-type server
tls-auth ta.key 1
route 192.168.0.0 255.255.252.0
comp-lzo
verb 4
;mute 20
------------Cut Here-----------------------
auth-user-pass #询问用户名和密码
Linux下Client的OpenVPN的安装方法一样,只是配置文件和keys上的不同,只要把client.conf ca.crt ta.key复制到/etc/openvpn目录即可启动VPN。
Win下OpenVPN的安装,WIN下有图形界面的OpenVPN-GUI程序,下载地址http://openvpn.se
这里使用的是TUN设备,主要考虑到Client客户多,VPN的效率和广播的问题,选用TUN设备,因为客户端可能是
Windows系统,Win系统TUN设备获得的IP地址将会是/30的地址,所以有3*Client个地址浪费,所以地址池设置得比较大。
这样你每次使用VPN登录的时候,程序会自动询问你得用户名和密码,输入正确后就可以连接上VPN了,
连接VPN后所有访问内网(192.168.0.0/22)的数据都从VPN经过。
如果Win的Client比较多,可以试着把ca.crt ta.key client.ovpn打包到安装包程序里,具体操作方法参见:
http://openvpn.se/files/howto/openvpn-howto_roll_your_own_installation_package-Rev1.1.html
然后发布改软件包即可,最好小心保管ta.key文件(防止Dos攻击)。
#首先要把系统的Forward打开
[root@vpn /etc]# vi sysctl.conf
修改
# Controls IP packet forwarding
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1
#IPTABLES的配置文件
[root@vpn /etc/sysconfig]# cat iptables
# Generated by iptables-save v1.2.1a on Tue Nov 6 19:50:51 2001
*nat
:PREROUTING ACCEPT [0:0]
:POSTROUTING ACCEPT [0:0]
:OUTPUT ACCEPT [0:0]
-A POSTROUTING -s 192.168.0.0/255.255.252.0 -o eth0 -j SNAT --to-source 61.1.1.2
COMMIT
*filter
:INPUT DROP [0:0]
:FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0]
:OUTPUT ACCEPT [0:0]
:BLOCK - [0:0]
:ANTIVIRUS - [0:0]
# block internal ip address
-A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -j BLOCK
-A INPUT -j ANTIVIRUS
-A BLOCK -s 192.168.0.0/16 -d 0/0 -j RETURN
-A BLOCK -s 172.16.0.0/12 -d 0/0 -j REJECT
-A BLOCK -s 10.0.0.0/8 -d 0/0 -j RETURN
-A BLOCK -s 127.0.0.0/8 -d 0/0 -j REJECT
-A BLOCK -s 0.0.0.0/8 -d 0/0 -j REJECT
-A BLOCK -s 169.254.0.0/16 -d 0/0 -j REJECT
-A BLOCK -s 192.0.2.0/24 -d 0/0 -j REJECT
-A BLOCK -s 204.152.64.0/23 -d 0/0 -j REJECT
-A BLOCK -s 224.0.0.0/3 -d 0/0 -j REJECT
-A INPUT -p icmp -j ACCEPT
# OSPFD
-A INPUT -d 224.0.0.0/24 -j ACCEPT
# sync time
-A INPUT -p udp -m udp --sport 123 -j ACCEPT
# accept dns
-A INPUT -p udp -m udp --sport 53 -j ACCEPT
# accept ssh from any
-A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 22 --syn -j ACCEPT
# accept dhcp request
-A INPUT -p udp -m udp --dport 67 -j ACCEPT
# OpenVPN 1194_UDP
-A INPUT -p udp -m udp --dport 1194 -j ACCEPT
# www
-A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 80 --syn -j ACCEPT
# keep stats
-A INPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
-A INPUT -m state --state INVALID -j DROP
# Reject all packet to me
-A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --syn -j REJECT --reject-with tcp-reset
-A INPUT -p udp -m udp -j REJECT
-A FORWARD -j ANTIVIRUS
-A ANTIVIRUS -p tcp -m tcp --dport 135:139 -j DROP
-A ANTIVIRUS -p tcp -m tcp --dport 445 -j DROP
-A ANTIVIRUS -p udp -m udp --dport 69 -j DROP
-A ANTIVIRUS -p udp -m udp --dport 135:139 -j DROP
-A ANTIVIRUS -p udp -m udp --dport 1434 -j DROP
COMMIT
[root@vpn /etc/sysconfig]#
本文是本人在实验+一字一句的敲上去,如果转载,麻烦注明出处,谢谢
Blog: http://elm.blog.edu.cn
http://blog.chinaunix.net/index.php?blogId=2389
--ELM
于沈阳 05'消费者权益日
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