RFC2248 - Network Services Monitoring MIB

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　　Network Working Group N. Freed
Request for Comments: 2248 Innosoft
Obsoletes: 1565 S. Kille
Category: Standards Track ISODE Consortium
January 1998

Network Services Monitoring MIB

Status of this Memo

This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.

Copyright Notice

Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1998). All Rights Reserved.

1. Introduction

A networked application is a realization of some well defined service
on one or more host computers that is accessible via some network,
uses some network for its internal operations, or both.

There are a wide range of networked applications for which it is
appropriate to provide SNMP monitoring of their network usage. This
includes applications using both TCP/IP and OSI networking. This
document defines a MIB which contains the elements common to the
monitoring of any network service application. This information
includes a table of all monitorable network service applications, a
count of the associations (connections) to each application, and
basic information about the parameters and status of each
application-related association.

This MIB may be used on its own for any application, and for most
simple applications this will suffice. This MIB is also designed to
serve as a building block which can be used in conjunction with
application-specific monitoring and management. Two examples of this
are MIBs defining additional variables for monitoring a Message
Transfer Agent (MTA) service or a Directory Service Agent (DSA)
service. It is expected that further MIBs of this nature will be
specified.

This MIB does not attempt to provide facilities for management of the
host or hosts the network service application runs on, nor does it
provide facilities for monitoring applications that provide something
other than a network service. Host resource and general application
monitoring is handled by the Host Resources MIB at present;
development of an additional application MIB is currently underway in
the IETF.

2. Table of Contents

1 Introduction ............................................... 1
2 Table of Contents .......................................... 2
3 The SNMPv2 Network Management Framework .................... 2
3.1 Object Definitions ....................................... 3
4 Rationale for having a Network Services Monitoring MIB ..... 3
4.1 General Relationship to Other MIBs ....................... 4
4.2 Restriction of Scope ..................................... 4
4.3 Configuration Information ................................ 4
5 Application Objects ........................................ 5
6 Definitions ................................................ 5
7 Changes made since RFC1565 ................................ 16
8 Acknowledgements ........................................... 16
9 References ................................................. 16
10 Security Considerations ................................... 17
11 Author and Chair Addresses ................................ 18
12 Full Copyright Statement .................................. 19

3. The SNMPv2 Network Management Framework

The SNMPv2 Network Management Framework consists of seven major
components. They are:

o RFC1902 [1] which defines the SMI, the mechanisms used for
describing and naming objects for the purpose of management.

o RFC1903 [2] defines textual conventions for SNMPv2.

o RFC1904 [3] defines conformance statements for SNMPv2.

o RFC1905 [4] defines transport mappings for SNMPv2.

o RFC1906 [5] defines the protocol operations used for network
access to managed objects.

o RFC1907 [6] defines the Management Information Base for SNMPv2.

o RFC1908 [7] specifies coexistance between SNMP and SNMPv2.

The Framework permits new objects to be defined for the purpose of
experimentation and evaluation.

3.1. Object Definitions

Managed objects are accessed via a virtual information store, termed
the Management Information Base or MIB. Objects in the MIB are
defined using the subset of Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1)
defined in the SMI. In particular, each object type is named by an
OBJECT IDENTIFIER, an administratively assigned name. The object type
together with an object instance serves to uniquely identify a
specific instantiation of the object. For human convenience, we
often use a textual string, termed the descriptor, to refer to the
object type.

4. Rationale for having a Network Services Monitoring MIB

Much effort has been expended in developing tools to manage lower
layer network facilities. However, relatively little work has been
done on managing application layer entities. It is neither efficient
nor reasonable to manage all aspects of application layer entities
using only lower layer information. Moreover, the difficulty of
managing application entities in this way increases dramatically as
application entities become more complex.

This leads to a substantial need to monitor applications which
provide network services, particularly distributed components such as
MTAs and DSAs, by monitoring specific aspects of the application
itself. Reasons to monitor such components include but are not
limited to measuring load, detecting broken connectivity, isolating
system failures, and locating congestion.

In order to manage network service applications effectively two
requirements must be met:

(1) It must be possible to monitor a large number of components
(typical for a large organization).

(2) Application monitoring must be integrated into general network
management.

This specification defines simple read-only access; this is
sufficient to determine up/down status and provide an indication of a
broad class of operational problems.

4.1. General Relationship to Other MIBs

This MIB is intended to only provide facilities common to the
monitoring of any network service application. It does not provide
all the facilities necessary to monitor any specific application.
Each specific type of network service application is expected to have
a MIB of its own that makes use of these common facilities.

4.2. Restriction of Scope

The framework provided here is very minimal; there is a lot more that
could be done. For example:

(1) General network service application configuration monitoring
and control.

(2) Detailed examination and modification of individual entries in
service-specific request queues.

(3) Probing to determine the status of a specific request (e.g.
the location of a mail message with a specific message-id).

(4) Requesting that certain actions be performed (e.g. forcing an
immediate connection and transfer of pending messages to some
specific system).

All these capabilities are both impressive and useful. However,
these capabilities would require provisions for strict security
checking. These capabilities would also mandate a much more complex
design, with many characteristics likely to be fairly
implementation-specific. As a result such facilities are likely to
be both contentious and difficult to implement.

This document religiously keeps things simple and focuses on the
basic monitoring aspect of managing applications providing network
services. The goal here is to provide a framework which is simple,
useful, and widely implementable.

4.3. Configuration Information

This MIB attempts to provide information about the operational
aspects of an application. Further information about the actual
configuration of a given application may be kept in other places; the
applDirectoryName or applURL may be used to point to places where
such information is kept.

5. Application Objects

This MIB defines a set of general purpose attributes which would be
appropriate for a range of applications that provide network
services. Both OSI and non-OSI services can be accomodated.
Additional tables defined in extensions to this MIB provide
attributes specific to specific network services.

A table is defined which will have one row for each operational
network service application on the system. The only static
information held on the application is its name. All other static
information should be obtained from various directory services. The
applDirectoryName is an external key, which allows an SNMP MIB entry
to be cleanly related to the X.500 Directory. In SNMP terms, the
applications are grouped in a table called applTable, which is
indexed by an integer key applIndex.

The type of the application will be determined by one or both of:

(1) Additional MIB variables specific to the applications.

(2) An association to the application of a specific protocol.

6. Definitions

NETWORK-SERVICES-MIB DEFINITIONS ::= BEGIN

IMPORTS
OBJECT-TYPE, Counter32, Gauge32, MODULE-IDENTITY, mib-2
FROM SNMPv2-SMI
DisplayString, TimeStamp, TEXTUAL-CONVENTION
FROM SNMPv2-TC
MODULE-COMPLIANCE, OBJECT-GROUP
FROM SNMPv2-CONF;

application MODULE-IDENTITY
LAST-UPDATED "9708170000Z"
ORGANIZATION "IETF Mail and Directory Management Working Group"
CONTACT-INFO
" Ned Freed

Postal: Innosoft International, Inc.
1050 Lakes Drive
West Covina, CA 91790
US

Tel: +1 626 919 3600
Fax: +1 626 919 3614

E-Mail: ned.freed@innosoft.com"
DESCRIPTION
"The MIB module describing network service applications"
REVISION "9311280000Z"
DESCRIPTION
"The original version of this MIB was published in RFC1565"
::= {mib-2 27}

-- Textual conventions

-- DistinguishedName is used to refer to objects in the
-- directory.

DistinguishedName ::= TEXTUAL-CONVENTION
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"A Distinguished Name represented in accordance with
RFC1779 [8]."
SYNTAX DisplayString

-- Uniform Resource Locators are stored in URLStrings.

URLString ::= TEXTUAL-CONVENTION
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"A Uniform Resource Locator represented in accordance
with RFC1738 [10]."
SYNTAX DisplayString

-- The basic applTable contains a list of the application
-- entities.

applTable OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF ApplEntry
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The table holding objects which apply to all different
kinds of applications providing network services.
Each network service application capable of being
monitored should have a single entry in this table."
::= {application 1}

applEntry OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX ApplEntry
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION

"An entry associated with a single network service
application."
INDEX {applIndex}
::= {applTable 1}

ApplEntry ::= SEQUENCE {
applIndex
INTEGER,
applName
DisplayString,
applDirectoryName
DistinguishedName,
applVersion
DisplayString,
applUptime
TimeStamp,
applOperStatus
INTEGER,
applLastChange
TimeStamp,
applInboundAssociations
Gauge32,
applOutboundAssociations
Gauge32,
applAccumulatedInboundAssociations
Counter32,
applAccumulatedOutboundAssociations
Counter32,
applLastInboundActivity
TimeStamp,
applLastOutboundActivity
TimeStamp,
applRejectedInboundAssociations
Counter32,
applFailedOutboundAssociations
Counter32,
applDescription
DisplayString,
applURL
URLString
}

applIndex OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX INTEGER (1..2147483647)
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"An index to uniquely identify the network service

application. This attribute is the index used for
lexicographic ordering of the table."

::= {applEntry 1}

applName OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX DisplayString
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The name the network service application chooses to be
known by."
::= {applEntry 2}

applDirectoryName OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX DistinguishedName
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The Distinguished Name of the directory entry where
static information about this application is stored.
An empty string indicates that no information about
the application is available in the directory."
::= {applEntry 3}

applVersion OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX DisplayString
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The version of network service application software.
This field is usually defined by the vendor of the
network service application software."
::= {applEntry 4}

applUptime OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX TimeStamp
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The value of sysUpTime at the time the network service
application was last initialized. If the application was
last initialized prior to the last initialization of the
network management subsystem, then this object contains
a zero value."
::= {applEntry 5}

applOperStatus OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX INTEGER {
up(1),
down(2),
halted(3),
congested(4),
restarting(5),
quiescing(6)
}
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"Indicates the operational status of the network service
application. 'down' indicates that the network service is
not available. 'up' indicates that the network service
is operational and available. 'halted' indicates that the
service is operational but not available. 'congested'
indicates that the service is operational but no additional
inbound associations can be accomodated. 'restarting'
indicates that the service is currently unavailable but is
in the process of restarting and will be available soon.
'quiescing' indicates that service is currently operational
but is in the process of shutting down. Additional inbound
associations may be rejected by applications in the
'quiescing' state."
::= {applEntry 6}

applLastChange OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX TimeStamp
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The value of sysUpTime at the time the network service
application entered its current operational state. If
the current state was entered prior to the last
initialization of the local network management subsystem,
then this object contains a zero value."
::= {applEntry 7}

applInboundAssociations OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Gauge32
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The number of current associations to the network service
application, where it is the responder. An inbound
assocation occurs when a another application successfully
connects to this one."

::= {applEntry 8}

applOutboundAssociations OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Gauge32
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The number of current associations to the network service
application, where it is the initiator. An outbound
association occurs when this application successfully
connects to another one."
::= {applEntry 9}

applAccumulatedInboundAssociations OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Counter32
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The total number of associations to the application entity
since application initialization, where it was the responder."
::= {applEntry 10}

applAccumulatedOutboundAssociations OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Counter32
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The total number of associations to the application entity
since application initialization, where it was the initiator."
::= {applEntry 11}

applLastInboundActivity OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX TimeStamp
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The value of sysUpTime at the time this application last
had an inbound association. If the last association
occurred prior to the last initialization of the network
subsystem, then this object contains a zero value."
::= {applEntry 12}

applLastOutboundActivity OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX TimeStamp
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The value of sysUpTime at the time this application last

had an outbound association. If the last association
occurred prior to the last initialization of the network
subsystem, then this object contains a zero value."
::= {applEntry 13}

applRejectedInboundAssociations OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Counter32
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The total number of inbound associations the application
entity has rejected, since application initialization.
Rejected associations are not counted in the accumulated
association totals. Note that this only counts
associations the application entity has rejected itself;
it does not count rejections that occur at lower layers
of the network. Thus, this counter may not reflect the
true number of failed inbound associations."
::= {applEntry 14}

applFailedOutboundAssociations OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Counter32
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The total number associations where the application entity
is initiator and association establishment has failed,
since application initialization. Failed associations are
not counted in the accumulated association totals."
::= {applEntry 15}

applDescription OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX DisplayString
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"A text description of the application. This information
is intended to identify and briefly describe the
application in a status display."
::= {applEntry 16}

applURL OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX URLString
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"A URL pointing to a description of the application.
This information is intended to identify and describe

the application in a status display."
::= {applEntry 17}

-- The assocTable augments the information in the applTable
-- with information about associations. Note that two levels
-- of compliance are specified below, depending on whether
-- association monitoring is mandated.

assocTable OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF AssocEntry
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The table holding a set of all active application
associations."
::= {application 2}

assocEntry OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX AssocEntry
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"An entry associated with an association for a network
service application."
INDEX {applIndex, assocIndex}
::= {assocTable 1}

AssocEntry ::= SEQUENCE {
assocIndex
INTEGER,
assocRemoteApplication
DisplayString,
assocApplicationProtocol
OBJECT IDENTIFIER,
assocApplicationType
INTEGER,
assocDuration
TimeStamp
}

assocIndex OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX INTEGER (1..2147483647)
MAX-ACCESS not-accessible
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"An index to uniquely identify each association for a network
service application. This attribute is the index that is

used for lexicographic ordering of the table. Note that the
table is also indexed by the applIndex."
::= {assocEntry 1}

assocRemoteApplication OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX DisplayString
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The name of the system running remote network service
application. For an IP-based application this should be
either a domain name or IP address. For an OSI application
it should be the string encoded distinguished name of the
managed object. For X.400(1984) MTAs which do not have a
Distinguished Name, the RFC1327 [9] syntax
'mta in globalid' should be used. Note, however, that not
all connections an MTA are necessarily to another MTA."
::= {assocEntry 2}

assocApplicationProtocol OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX OBJECT IDENTIFIER
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"An identification of the protocol being used for the
application. For an OSI Application, this will be the
Application Context. For Internet applications, the IANA
maintains a registry of the OIDs which correspond to
well-known applications. If the application protocol is
not listed in the registry, an OID value of the form
{applTCPProtoID port} or {applUDProtoID port} are used for
TCP-based and UDP-based protocols, respectively. In either
case 'port' corresponds to the primary port number being
used by the protocol."
::= {assocEntry 3}

assocApplicationType OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX INTEGER {
ua-initiator(1),
ua-responder(2),
peer-initiator(3),
peer-responder(4)}
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"This indicates whether the remote application is some type of
client making use of this network service (e.g. a Mail User
Agent) or a server acting as a peer. Also indicated is whether

the remote end initiated an incoming connection to the network
service or responded to an outgoing connection made by the
local application. MTAs and messaging gateways are
considered to be peers for the purposes of this variable."
::= {assocEntry 4}

assocDuration OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX TimeStamp
MAX-ACCESS read-only
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The value of sysUpTime at the time this association was
started. If this association started prior to the last
initialization of the network subsystem, then this
object contains a zero value."
::= {assocEntry 5}

-- Conformance information

applConformance OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {application 3}

applGroups OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {applConformance 1}
applCompliances OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {applConformance 2}

-- Compliance statements

applCompliance MODULE-COMPLIANCE
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The compliance statement for SNMPv2 entities
which implement the Network Services Monitoring MIB
for basic monitoring of network service applications."
MODULE -- this module
MANDATORY-GROUPS {applGroup}
::= {applCompliances 1}

assocCompliance MODULE-COMPLIANCE
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"The compliance statement for SNMPv2 entities which
implement the Network Services Monitoring MIB for basic
monitoring of network service applications and their
associations."
MODULE -- this module
MANDATORY-GROUPS {applGroup, assocGroup}
::= {applCompliances 2}

-- Units of conformance

applGroup OBJECT-GROUP
OBJECTS {
applName, applVersion, applUptime, applOperStatus,
applLastChange, applInboundAssociations,
applOutboundAssociations, applAccumulatedInboundAssociations,
applAccumulatedOutboundAssociations, applLastInboundActivity,
applLastOutboundActivity, applRejectedInboundAssociations,
applFailedOutboundAssociations, applDescription, applURL}
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"A collection of objects providing basic monitoring of
network service applications."
::= {applGroups 1}

assocGroup OBJECT-GROUP
OBJECTS {
assocRemoteApplication, assocApplicationProtocol,
assocApplicationType, assocDuration}
STATUS current
DESCRIPTION
"A collection of objects providing basic monitoring of
network service applications' associations."
::= {applGroups 2}

-- OIDs of the form {applTCPProtoID port} are intended to be used
-- for TCP-based protocols that don't have OIDs assigned by other
-- means. {applUDPProtoID port} serves the same purpose for
-- UDP-based protocols. In either case 'port' corresponds to
-- the primary port number being used by the protocol. For example,
-- assuming no other OID is assigned for SMTP, an OID of
-- {applTCPProtoID 25} could be used, since SMTP is a TCP-based
-- protocol that uses port 25 as its primary port.

applTCPProtoID OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {application 4}
applUDPProtoID OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {application 5}

END

7. Changes made since RFC1565

The only changes made to this document since it was issued as RFC
1565 [11] are the following:

(1) applDescription and applURL fields have been added. These
fields are intended to identify and describe the application.

(2) A number of DESCRIPTION fields have been reworded, hopefully
making them clearer.

(3) The new "quiescing" state has been added to applOperStatus.

(4) The prose about "dynamic single threaded processes" has been
removed -- it was simply too confusing.

(5) Various RFCreferences have been updated to refer to more
recent versions.

(6) The MIB has been renamed from APPLICATION-MIB to NETWORK-
SERVICES-MIB. This was done because an application MIB is now
under development within the IETF that provides very different
functionality from this MIB.

8. Acknowledgements

This document is a product of the Mail and Directory Management
(MADMAN) Working Group. It is based on an earlier MIB designed by S.
Kille, T. Lenggenhager, D. Partain, and W. Yeong. The Electronic
Mail Association's TSC committee was instrumental in providing
feedback on and suggesting enhancements to RFC1565 [11] that have
led to the present document.

9. References

[1] SNMPv2 Working Group, Case, J., McCloghrie, K., Rose, M., and
S. Waldbusser, "Structure of Management Information for Version
2 of the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMPv2)", RFC1902,
January 1996.

[2] SNMPv2 Working Group, Case, J., McCloghrie, K., Rose, M., and
S. Waldbusser, "Textual Conventions for Version 2 of the Simple
Network Management Protocol (SNMPv2)", RFC1903, January 1996.

[3] SNMPv2 Working Group, Case, J., McCloghrie, K., Rose, M., and
S. Waldbusser, "Conformance Statements for Version 2 of the
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMPv2)", RFC1904, January
1996.

[4] SNMPv2 Working Group, Case, J., McCloghrie, K., Rose, M., and
S. Waldbusser, "Protocol Operations for Version 2 of the Simple
Network Management Protocol (SNMPv2)", RFC1905, January 1996.

[5] SNMPv2 Working Group, Case, J., McCloghrie, K., Rose, M., and
S. Waldbusser, "Transport Mappings for Version 2 of the Simple
Network Management Protocol (SNMPv2)", RFC1906, January 1996.

[6] SNMPv2 Working Group, Case, J., McCloghrie, K., Rose, M., and
S. Waldbusser, "Management Information Base for Version 2 of the
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMPv2)", RFC1907, January
1996.

[7] SNMPv2 Working Group, Case, J., McCloghrie, K., Rose, M., and
S. Waldbusser, "Coexistence between Version 1 and Version 2 of
the Internet-standard Network Management Framework", RFC1908,
January 1996.

[8] Kille, S., "A String Representation of Distinguished Names", RFC
1779, March 1995.

[9] Kille, S., "Mapping between X.400(1988) / ISO 10021 and RFC
822", RFC1327, May 1992.

[10] Berners-Lee, T., Masinter, L. and M. McCahill, Uniform Resource
Locators (URL)", RFC1738, December 1994.

[11] Freed, N., and S. Kille, "Network Services Monitoring MIB", RFC
1565, January 1994.

10. Security Considerations

This MIB does not offer write access, and as such cannot be used to
actively attack a system. However, this MIB does provide passive
information about the existance, type, and configuration of
applications on a given host that could potentially indicate some
sort of vulnerability. Finally, the information MIB provides about
network usage could be used to analyze network traffic patterns.

11. Author and Chair Addresses

Ned Freed
Innosoft International, Inc.
1050 Lakes Drive
West Covina, CA 91790
USA

Phone: +1 626 919 3600
Fax: +1 626 919 3614
EMail: ned.freed@innosoft.com

Steve Kille, MADMAN WG Chair
ISODE Consortium
The Dome, The Square
Richmond TW9 1DT
UK

Phone: +44 181 332 9091
EMail: S.Kille@isode.com

12. Full Copyright Statement

Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1998). All Rights Reserved.

This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published
and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any
kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph
are included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this
document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of
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followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than
English.

The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.

This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
"AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING
TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION
HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
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